O cirurgião ilustrado Francisco Antônio de Sampaio e as plantas de "seu país" (vila de Cachoeira, BA - fins do século XVIII) / The distinguished surgeon Francisco Antônio de Sampaio and the plants of "his country" (vila de Cachoeira, Brazil, late eighteenth century)

Resumo Francisco Antônio de Sampaio atuou como cirurgião por mais de duas décadas em Cachoeira (BA). Nessa vila, produziu e enviou à Academia das Ciências de Lisboa escritos de história natural, embora não tivesse formação específica para esses estudos. Neste artigo analisamos sua produção científica e suas práticas de cura, em particular os usos e descrições das plantas locais e sua relação com diferentes agentes, a exemplo das pessoas do "vulgo local" e do naturalista e juiz de fora Amorim e Castro. Buscamos interpretar sua produção de conhecimento, tanto do ponto de vista da construção de autoridade científica quanto de sua interação com os agentes locais e metropolitanos.

Abstract Francisco Antônio de Sampaio worked as a surgeon for over two decades in Cachoeira, in the captaincy of Bahia, Brazil. In this village, he produced writings on natural history, which he sent to the Lisbon Academy of Science, although he had no specific training in this area. This article analyzes his scientific output and healing practices, especially the uses and descriptions of local plants and his relationships with different agents, such as the "local commoners" and the naturalist and magistrate Joaquim de Amorim e Castro. His production of knowledge is interpreted here both from the perspective of the construction of scientific authority and through his interactions with local and metropolitan agents.

A recepção da instrução programada como abordagem da análise do comportamento no Brasil nos anos 1960 e 1970 / The reception of programmed instruction as an approach to behavioral analysis in Brazil in the 1960s and 1970s

Resumo O artigo apresenta a recepção e circulação da instrução programada na Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como exemplo da apropriação da análise do comportamento no Brasil, e ilustra parte de tal apropriação nos anos 1960-1970, no contexto de reforma da educação superior e da influência sociointelectual estadunidense. Os resultados indicam que o recurso da instrução programada, para tornar-se autóctone, preconizou o protagonismo do aluno e sua autonomia do professor. As fontes indicam embates decorrentes de concepções preestabelecidas sobre o processo de ensino-aprendizagem e a influência estadunidense como elementos centrais para compreender a recepção e a circulação da instrução programada no Brasil.

Abstract The article discusses the reception and circulation of programmed instruction at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais as an example of the appropriation of behavioral analysis in Brazil and sheds light on part of this appropriation in the 1960s and 1970s in the context of Brazil's higher education reform and of US social and intellectual influence. Results indicate that the indigenization of programmed instruction involved its circulation as an educational resource that emphasized the student's role and his autonomy from the teacher. Sources point to clashes that derived from preconceptions about both the teaching-learning process and US influence, key elements to understand the reception and circulation of programmed instruction in Brazil.

Trópicos, ciência e leishmanioses: uma análise sobre circulação de saberes e assimetrias / The tropics, science, and leishmaniasis: an analysis of the circulation of knowledge and asymmetries

Resumo: O artigo investiga o processo de circulação de saberes ocorrido, nas primeiras décadas do século XX, entre os pesquisadores sul-americanos Edmundo Escomel (Peru) e Alfredo Da Matta (Brasil) e os europeus Alphonse Laveran (França) e Patrick Manson (Inglaterra) no que diz respeito à definição e validação da espundia como uma enfermidade particularizada da América do Sul, ao mesmo tempo que se postulava a necessidade do seu enquadramento no recém-criado grupo de moléstias denominado "leishmanioses". Compartilhando a recente preocupação em pensar a pesquisa histórica para além dos limites impostos pelo Estado nacional como categoria organizadora da narrativa, dialoga com alguns apologistas da história global/transnacional situando o caso específico nessa perspectiva analítica.

Abstract: The article investigates the process of circulation of knowledge which occurred during the first decades of the twentieth century between the South American researchers Edmundo Escomel (Peru) and Alfredo Da Matta (Brazil) and the Europeans Alphonse Laveran (France) and Patrick Manson (England) with regard to the definition and validation of espundia as a disease specific to South America, while simultaneously the need to insert this illness into the newly created group of diseases called the "leishmaniasis" was proposed. Sharing recent concerns in considering historical research beyond the limits imposed by the Nation-state as a category that organizes narratives, it dialogs with some apologists of global and transnational history, situating this specific case within this analytical perspective.

Medición de inteligencia. Entre debates históricos y actuales / Intelligence measurement. Between historical and current debates

El objetivo de la presente investigación es resaltar el valor de la historia en las producciones científicas sobre la medición de la inteligencia. Además, se señalará qué puede aportar ese estudio histórico en países como la Argentina y por qué es necesario emprenderlos. Para ello se realiza un análisis de las publicaciones recientes y clásicas sobre los estudios de inteligencia y sobre la circulación del conocimiento. La relevancia del estudio sobre los contextos de producción y recepción ha puesto sobre la mesa los debates sobre las consecuencias sociales de las mediciones de nivel intelectual, pero quedan aún zonas sobre las que es preciso detenerse con cautela. Por último, se pone en evidencia la escasez de estos estudios en el ámbito local y se argumenta que su importancia estriba en la posibilidad de cuestionar ciertos procesos universales que ya se han estudiado en países de Europa, algunas partes de Latinoamérica y en los Estados Unidos.

The aim of this paper is to highlight the value of historical research in the scientific productions of intelligence measurement. In addition, it will be noted what the historical studies in countries such as Argentina can contribute to the general debate and why it is necessary to undertake it. This is done by the analysis of recent and classic literature on studies of intelligence and the circulation of knowledge. The relevance of the study about the contexts of production and reception bring discussions on the social consequences of measurements of intellectual level, to the table, but there are still areas which we must address with caution. Finally, the paper highlights the lack of local research and argues that its importance lies in the possibility of questioning certain universal processes that have already been studied in countries within Europe, some parts of Latin America and the United States.

Transnational dialogues between specialist and institutional knowledge in occupational accident legislation, first half of the twentieth century / Diálogos transnacionales entre los saberes técnicos e institucionales en la legislación sobre accidentes de trabajo, primera mitad del siglo XX

In the early twentieth century, Argentina began legislating occupational safety. Law no.9.688 legislated accidents in the workplace (1915) and granted legal jurisdiction to work-related problems. The approval of this legislation was in dialogue with proposals being produced in other regions. The links established between local figures and colleagues elsewhere are useful for examining the circulation, reception and legitimation of knowledge on a regional scale. The objective of this article is to examine the transnational references in local discussions about occupational accidents in Peru and Chile during the first half of the twentieth century.

A partir del siglo XX, se inició en la Argentina la legislación protectora del trabajo. La ley n.9.688 legisló sobre accidentes de trabajo (1915) y otorgó jurisdicción legal a los problemas relativos al trabajo. La sanción de este corpus estuvo en diálogo con las propuestas que se producían en otras latitudes. Los vínculos que se establecieron entre los referentes locales y sus colegas son de utilidad para abordar el estudio de circulación, recepción y legitimación de los saberes dentro de una escala regional. Así pues, el objetivo de este trabajo es revisar las referencias transnacionales en las discusiones locales sobre los accidentes laborales en Perú y Chile durante la primera mitad del siglo XX.

'Medical Knowledge' and 'Tradition' of Colonial Korea: Focused on Kudo's "Gynecology"-based Knowledge / 의사학

This article attempts to illuminate the ways in which Kudo's medical knowledge based on 'gynecological science' constructed the cultural 'traditions' of colonial Korea. Kudo appears to have been quite an influential figure in colonial Korea in that his writings on the relationship between women's crime, gynecological science and the Choson society granted a significant amount of intellectual authority. Here, I examine Kudo's position within colonial Korea as a producer and propagator of medical knowledge, and then see how women's bodies were understood according to his gynecological knowledge. It also traces the ways in which Kudo's gynecological knowledge represents Choson society and in turn invents the 'traditions' of Chosn. Kudo's knowledge of "gynecology" which had been formed while it traveled the states such as Japan, Germany and France served as an important reference for his representation of colonial Korean society. Kudo was a proponent of biological evolution, particularly the rules of 'atavism' put forth by the criminal anthropologist Cesare Lombroso, and argued that an unique social environment caused 'alteration of sexual urges' and primitive cruelty in Choson women. According to Kudo, The social environment was none other than the practice of 'early marriage,' which went against the physiology of women. To Kudo, 'early marriage' was an old 'tradition' of Choson and the cause of heinous crimes, as well as an unmistakable indicator of both the primitiveness and savageness of Chosn. While Lombroso considered personal factors such as stress as the cause of women's crimes, Kudo saw Choson women's crimes as a national characteristic. Moreover, he compared the occurrence rate of husband murders by provinces, based on which he categorized the northern population of Choson as barbaric Manchurian and the southern population as the superior Japanese, a combination of racism and scientific knowledge. Kudo's writings provide an insight into the appropriation of Western medical theories and criminal anthropological knowledge by a non-Western colony as well as the ambivalence and contradictions underlying Japanese empire as in the use of concepts like 'difference' and 'unity.' According to today's standards, Kudo's physiological arguments can hardly avoid being called pseudo science, which confirms that the power and authority of science standing on 'objectivity' and 'universality' are actually dependent on social contexts that are constantly being readjusted. In the end, the cultural 'traditions' of a nation/state often taken for granted are social constructions born out of transnational crossing points of knowledges, and on the basis of these constructs are the concepts of differences between nations/states. And one of the core references for these differences in colonial Korea was Western science/medical knowledge.